Glass Castle Essay Essays

Glass Castle Essay Essays Glass Castle Essay Essay Glass Castle Essay Essay Essay Topic: The Glass Castle In the book â€Å"The Glass Castle† by Jeannette Walls poverty goes deeper than just low income. Even while Jeannette’s parents had money coming in, they struggled to support their family properly. They went hungry, had no electricity, or even indoor plumbing, so this proposes the question can poverty be caused by more than just low income? Do people actually want to live in poverty? For Jeannette’s parents it sure seems that way. Rex Walls had grown up in a poverty stricken town of Welch. He grew up in â€Å"big worn house† on the â€Å"downhill side of the street† (Walls 130). It smelled of â€Å"mold and cigarettes and unwashed laundry† (Walls 131). However Rose Mary Walls grew up in a very structured home in Texas where her mother made her follow rules and attend college classes to become a teacher. So when Rose Mary grew up and moved away she wanted to live a life opposite of what her mother wanted, she became a free spirit. When on the other hand poverty was all Rex had ever known. I believe this is the major factor that contributed to the Walls’ family being in poverty. Besides growing up in a poverty stricken home and town Rex also grew up with a mother who was an Alcoholic. We find this out when Jeannette tells us about the time she first met Erma and she â€Å" pulled a bottle of whiskey from the pocket of her housedress† (walls 131). She also talks about how she could smell whiskey on her Uncle Stanley’s breath the first time he hugged her. This was the life Rex Walls was accustomed to and so therefore he was comfortable with it. He saw nothing wrong with taking money from his family to go waste in on alcohol because he always some how pulled through for them. : The perfect example of this is when Rose Mary left for the summer for college courses and left Jeanette in charge of the money. The first few weeks went well and Jeanette had managed to make a budget and keep food on the table, then Rex had asked her for money. First it was just five dollars, then another five, and then it was twenty. Jeanette was outraged by this and asked him why he needed the twenty dollars to which he replied â€Å"Goddammit, since when do I have to explain myself to my children? I need money to make money. I’ll pay you back†¦ Have I ever left you down? (Walls 210), and then that Saturday after putting his daughter through torment of being around a drunk, he paid her back. Rex although an intelligent man was a drunk and didn’t know how to provide for his family correctly which meant he was constantly letting them down. On the other hand Rose Mary grew up with loving parents in a nice house with structure, but she hated that life and became a f ree spirit, addicted to the adrenaline Rex brought her. Rose Mary believed children should not be burdened with lots of rules and restrictions. She was a very selfish woman who would refuse to work because she wanted to become an artist. Rose Mary was a certified teacher and could easily receive a job in the towns which the Wall’s had lived because it was difficult to find teachers that had actually graduated from college. Even when Rose Mary would come around and take a teaching job â€Å"she had problems organizing paper work and disciplining her students†, and â€Å"at least one morning a week she’d throw a tantrum and refuse to go to work† (Walls 196). She’d eventually quit her job and the Wall’s once again would not have any money coming in except when Rex performed odd jobs. The life the Walls kids put up with was not the way the wanted to live. When Lori graduated high school she moved to New York City. Then Jeanette’s senior year she moved in with Lori. Brian followed Jeanette’s footsteps, and when Maureen was only twelve she moved in with Lori. While the kids were making better lives for themselves their parents had decided to move to New York as well but remain homeless and in poverty. They slept on park benches and in bushes. They refused to go to shelters because life was more interesting the way they lived it. They eventually moved into an abandoned apartment where others liked them lived, and Maureen moved in. After Rex died, Rose Mary still chose to live a life of poverty. Most people when they hear the word poverty they think of low income families, people who go to homeless shelters, people who work but do not make enough, or those who cannot find a job, but Rex and Rose Mary show us that there can be more to it than just low income. They liked to constantly be on their toes, they liked being completely independent and to always be on the run. Rex’s alcohol addiction and Rose Mary’s unwillingness to work, and her stubbornness to not sell anything she had inherited from her mother took away precious money that could have went to support their family. This book shows that poverty can be cause by more than just low income. Word Count: 881

School Entry Essay

School Entry Essay School Entry Essay School Entry Essay: How to Cope with Entering a school is always an exciting and interesting event in the life of any person. Of course, all this bustle with the choice of the school, new hopes and dreams, meetings and opportunities are really thrilling. Entering school is very stirring, without doubts. However, you do not have to forget about your school entry essay writing. A successful school essay is your ticket to the new life full of surprises and fun. That is why you have to treat your school entry essay writing too seriously: School Essay Writing Can Be Frightening Of course, it is rather frightening for you to write your school entry essay, as you do not have experience in writing it. However, the devil is not so terrible as he is painted. Nowadays, with the appearance of the Internet and different custom essay writing services you receive 100 percent of friendly support while your school essay writing, and not only entry essay, but also all the other kinds of school essay; that makes the every day routine full of difficult essays not to be so panic striking. Get Help through Our Custom Service Thus, if you do not know how to write your school entry essay this is not a tragedy anymore. With the help of our custom essay writing service, you are welcome to receive all the necessary information in order to write a good school entry essay and to be admitted. Thousands of tips and pieces of advice are presented for you at the convenience of our site. Read the articles at the subject how to write school entry essay, and become a professional in school entry essay writing. You can also edit your ready-made school entry essay at our site. You see, even the best school entry essay loses its brilliant content if there are some mistakes. That is why the process of editing school entry essay is as important as the process of editing it. There exists an opportunity to order school entry essay and not to vex yourself while writing it. The writers who work at our service are the great professionals with the highest degrees; they know for sure how to write successful school entry essay. You can mention all your requests, ideas, and all they will be taken into account by our professionals. Our staff is so virtuous that we are able to meet all the deadlines. That is why if you need any kind of help while your school entry essay writing, you will find it at our site. We wish you good luck with your school entering. Related posts: Merchant of Venice Critical Essay Writing the Analysis Paper Sociology Paper Report Writing Help Argumentative Research Paper Topics

Appraisal Methods Of Workers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Appraisal Methods Of Workers - Essay Example The Director of Talent is required to perform different tasks and roles efficiently to ensure proper management of the company.The job I would want to obtain after my undergraduate studies is that of a financial analyst.Financial Analyst Career Duties: Reports economic position by organizing and analyzing fiscal and monetary plans, predictions, and reportsAnalyses economic status by observing discrepancies from the plan.Evaluates financial status through comparison and analysis of plans and projections with attained results.Expands financial status by evaluating results and variances and finding trends and endorsing actions.Reconciles transactions by equating and rectifying figures.Improves efficiency by developing computerized applications and reducing duplications and managing info requirements.Provides information to management by assembling and summarizing data; preparing reports; making presentations of findings, analyses, and recommendations.Appraises job understanding by parta king in educational opportunities; reading professional journals; keeping personal linkages and contributing in professional groups.Undertakes finance and business mission by concluding related results as required.Skills/Qualifications: Writing Skills, Enlightening Others, Financial Abilities, Predicting, Corporate Finance, Financial Analysis, and Financial Software, Analyzing Information, Statistical Analysis, Procedure Improvement, Financial Planning, and Approach.

Compare and Contrast___how technology is changing the way we live and Essay

Compare and Contrast___how technology is changing the way we live and the way we think - Essay Example Claudia Wallis in her article, â€Å"Gen M: The Multitasking Generation,† and Nicholas Carr’s â€Å"Is Google Making Us Stupid?† both argue against much of the way people interact and rely upon the technology both physically, emotionally, mentally, and socially in a few unpleasant ways. He focuses more on the intellectual laziness access to fast internet answers can breed and she focuses more on the social and interpersonal communicational perspective when people persistently interact and multitask with technology and how that can have a negative effects; both of these authors are absolutely right. Claudia Wallis discusses children are perpetually interacting with technology and that parents think there multitasking is a product and a credit to the presence of that technology and their minds, Unfortunately, that is little better than a â€Å"wives tale† that people may tells themselves to justify children’s excessive technological interactions. â€Å"Human beings have always had a capacity to attend to several things at once. Mothers have done it since the hunter-gatherer era--picking berries while suckling an infant, stirring the pot with one eye on the toddler† (Wallis p. 1). Many biologists and anthropologists would easily agree the things that defines us as human is our curiosity, ability to learn and adapt, and our ability to multitask and process multiple information at once; this did not evolve as a side effect of technological advancement. In truth, excessive interaction with technology leads to anti-social in face-to-face antisocial that belies th e communal and communicative nature of our species. The interactions online and the relationships we make are shallow and superficial, based on the shared likes and dislikes of other things posted on sites. There is also a misconception that the presence of all of this sophisticated

Effects of Bilingualism Essay Example for Free

Effects of Bilingualism Essay Introduction The use of mother tongue in learning allows students to learn the lesson quickly. It helps them to read and probably write quickly. (Yolanda Quijano, 1994). The use of the Filipino language in teaching develops lifelong learners who are proficient in the use of their native language and other languages. (Mona Valisino, 2006) Using the mother tongue of a student forms their critical thinking skills, drawing conclusions and making comparisons. (Ocampo, Fajardo, et al, 1990). Filipino was declared as the ‘lingua franca’ because it is the language that is being spoken and understood by majority of the Filipinos, that is why Filipino should be used in education. (Dr. Rosaryo Yu, U.P. SWF) However, the English language is the universal language. It is used commercially and it is also a factor for success in the business world. English is also widely used as reading and instructional materials. Furthermore, it helps individuals to be globally competitive that is why English is used as medium of instruction in schools. (Rebecca Alcantara, et al, 1996) According to the 1986 Philippine constitution, the Philippine educational system implemented the use of bilingualism in all levels of educational institutions in our country. Bilingual education aims to use both English and Filipino as medium of instruction for students to achieve quality education with the help of the collaboration of the two languages. (Tony Rimando, 1994, Manila bulletin) This research aims to know the effects of bilingualism to the academic performance of the fourth year student in Pasig Catholic College. Statement of the Problem Bilingualism is used in schools all over the Philippines as instructed by the Department of Education. One of the schools that implement bilingualism is Pasig Catholic College. In this light, the researchers would like to identify the effect of bilingualism to the academic performance of fourth year students in Pasig Catholic College. This study also aims to answer the following questions: a) What are the advantages of bilingualism to the academic performance of the fourth year high school students in Pasig Catholic College? b) What are the disadvantages of bilingualism to the academic performance of the fourth year high school students in Pasig Catholic College? Significance of the Study The researchers would like this study to help Pasig Catholic College in determining the effects of bilingualism to the academic performance of the fourth year high school students. Specifically, this section will provide a brief description on the several significances of the research about the effects of bilingualism to the academic performance of the fourth year high school students in Pasig Catholic College. This study will be more likely to be significant to the following persons: To students. This study provides evidence to students about the effects of bilingualism to their academic performance. To teachers. This study will aid teachers to have a deeper understanding to the said bilingual education. By this study they can come up with new teaching techniques to offer their students a better education. To future researcher. This study will benefit the future researchers as their guide and reference in making a similar research. Moreover, this study can also open an opportunity to the development of this study. Scope and Delimitation of the study This study will cover the effects of bilingualism to the academic performance of the fourth year high school students of Pasig Catholic College. The researchers will include different procedures and. This study will be done by selected fourth year High School students during the school year 2012-2013. The researcher will gather data using different books, clippings, and websites. They will also conduct a survey to be given to fourth year high school students. This study will be conducted on the school year 2012-2013. Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDY This chapter presents gathered information which has relevance to the study and can serve as reference in understanding the nature of the topic. The following facts and data were collected from different books, encyclopedias, websites, magazines, and other thesis papers. Related Literature Nowadays, majority of the world’s population is bilingual or multilingual than monolingual. This trend also positively affects cognitive abilities of people around the world. Researchers have shown that the bilingual brain can have better attention and task-switching capacities than the monolingual brain. Additionally, bilingualism has positive effects at both ends of the age spectrum: Bilingual children as young as seven months can better adjust to environmental changes, while bilingual seniors can experience less cognitive decline (Marian, V Spivey, M, 2003). Being bilingual can have different benefits. The improvements in thinking and physical processing determined by bilingual experience may help a bilingual person to better process information in the environment, leading to a richer learning. This kind of improved attention to factor may help explain why bilingual adults learn a third language better than monolingual adults learn a second language (Gollan, T. H., Acenas , L. A., 2004). Related Study Bilingualism causes misconception to students as well as to the teachers. It is also one of the reasons why students could not speak English fluently. The tendency is that they mix up the two languages which results in â€Å"taglish† words or phrases. Students also encounter difficulty in translating Filipino words to English and vice versa. Studying both languages at the same time causes minimal fluency in either Filipino or English since their focus is not constant in one language. Other students could not express themselves in English because they are used in speaking in Filipino which results in being an uncompetitive student when it comes to English (Madriaga, Nazareno, et al, 2001).

Tropical Areas in Florida Essay -- Tropics

The Trouble with Tropics Florida, like many tropical areas, has two seasons: the wet season and the dry season. During the wet season (June through October), water is plentiful, lawns grow green, farmers grow their crops and kids wakeboard in the park. But, of course, flooding is a problem. In the dry season (seven months: November through May), grass turns as brown as a desert bush. The source of Florida’s water is the Lake Toho/Kissimmee River/Lake Okeechobee system, and the level of the lake system rises and falls between the seasons. At low levels during the dry season, Florida residents must be mindful to conserve water and animals are left to fend for themselves. Water resources have the potential to be unsustainable without management. Florida water resources fluctuate, so life can be difficult. The South Florida Water Management District was created to maintain sustainability of Florida water resources. Today, tourists come to visit the beautiful tropical climate of Florida’s beaches, wildlife, and palm trees. South Florida wasn’t always so pristine. Florida used to be a much soggier swampland. Mosquitoes were so plentiful, that some early pioneers of the area joked that they must be the state bird. Because of Florida’s flat geography, rainfall was the determinant factor in every facet of South Florida’s environment.1 After a large rain, water would stand in floodplains and flow from river to river like water in an ice tray without canals or dams to control the flow of storm waters. Standing water would remain for weeks or months leaving disease and water damage behind.1 During the dry season, farming became difficult. Droughts were common and crops and cattle would thirst without a reliable source of ... ....dep.state.fl.us/coastal/habitats/coral.htm. 6. Facility and Infrastructure Location Index Map. May 2002. South Florida Water Management District. http://www.sfwmd.gov/images/pdfs/facility_map_overview.pdf. 7. Wetland Wildlife. 8 Dec. 2004. University of Florida. http://wetlandextension.ifas.ufl.edu/wildlife.htm. 8. Land Management Annual Report. 2003. South Florida Water Management District. http://www.sfwmd.gov/org/clm/lsd/images/pdfs/lsd_ar03.pdf. 9. Environmental Restoration Efforts. South Florida Water Management District. http://www.sfwmd.gov/org/wrp/env_rest_efforts.html#lakeo. 10. Central and Southern Florida Project Comprehensive Review Study (Restudy) Update and Background. July 1999. http://www.evergladesplan.org/docs/backgd.pdf. 11. ACCELER8 Everglades Now. South Florida Water Management District. http://www.evergladesnow.org/a8_overview.shtml.

Organization or institution Essay

A policy can be defined as a guide to the actions or decisions of people in organization or institution. A policy states how members of an organization should act in specific situations which occur frequently and affect large numbers of people in a group. A policy has three components namely: it must have a process to achieve certain goals, it must have specific goals to realize and it must have a framework within which it functions. According to Dimock a scholar, policies are important in guiding the conduct of people who make decisions and take actions in organizations. However, the term policy is often confused with other related terms such as a rule, a plan, a decision and a procedure but in reality there is a marked difference between a policy and these other terms. According to the scholar known as James Anderson in his book titled â€Å"public policy analysis†, public policy is about why government do things they choose to do and the difference that it makes. Government does many things such as conflict resolution in society, organizing society to carry out conflicts with other societies. Governments also distribute a great variety of goods and services to the members of the society mainly in the form of taxes. Thus, public policies may regulate behavior, organize bureaucracies, distribute goods, collect revenue any other desirable activity. For this reason public policy is designed to alleviate personal discomfort or societal unease. This is due to the fact that people expect government to do many things for them and indeed there are no personal or societal problems for which some group will not demand a government solution. Public policy studies therefore deals with the description and explanations of causes and consequences of government activity. It therefore connotes a positive side of an action in the sense that it emphasizes an initiative by government to solve problems faced by people. The government has many sources of revenue which include: Taxes-The government can get its revenue from various sources of taxes in a country. Tax is a compulsory contribution by the government on its citizens to enable it to meet its expenses for a common cause. Tax enables the government to provide social and merit goods and services. These are the so called public goods and are consumed by all citizens irrespective of whether they pay tax or not e. g. provision of roads, bridges, social facilities etc. Also taxation is used as a controlling the flow of cash and capital in a country to ensure economic stability. It is used as a tool of economic policy e. g. imposition of high import duty in order to protect local industries granting of capital allowances and other tax incentives to encourage the inflow of direct foreign investment. Internal borrowing is another method whereby the public policy can get its funding. This is done through the sale of treasury bills and bonds. It might be restricted to a given percentage of gross domestic products. Although used, it has some effects like it pushes up the interest rates in the economy hence increasing the cost of capital and it may exercise inflationary pressure on the economy once the government repays the money. Aids and grants. This may be given by international monetary fund and World Bank and other bilateral donors. But it has constraints like strict terms and conditions which are imposed by donors which may be humiliating to the nation, it may not be sufficient to solve the budget deficit problems of the government. External borrowing usually from other countries or organizations such as IMF and World Bank. It has effects like humiliating terms and conditions and also the country will increase its already heavily burden of external debt. A BUDGET AS APUBLIC POLICY A budget is generally a list of all planned expenses and revenues. It is a plan for saving and spending. A budget is an important concept in microeconomics, which uses a budget line to illustrate the trade-offs between two or more goods. The budget should contain a narrative explaining how you decided on the amount of this reserve and a description of the expected financial results of business activities. The assets should be valued with each and every cost. All other expenses are like labor factory overhead all freshmen expenses are also included into business budgeting. A budget is considered as a proposal to be prepared by the administration and submitted to the legislature. Its aim could be to present in summary form the facts necessary to shape the policy of the government as well as provide financial support. The summaries of fact included in the budget could also serve as a key to the details of transactions and of estimates which could be submitted with the budget. The constitution inhibition that no money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of appropriations made by the law makes the budget an instrument of legislative control over the administration. To implement policies, government requires money as well as institutional structure. The budgetary process provides a means of allocating the available resources among competing interests to which they could be applied. When they device a budget, decision makers function within a definite resource constraint and must base their decisions on the assumption that no more revenue will come in. Therefore they allot the available amount of money for the greatest social, economic and political benefit. Each year there must be a new budget and an annual circle has evolved for the appropriation and expenditure of available public moneys. The repetitive nature of the budget cycle is important, for those involved might behave differently if they did not know that they have to come back each year after year to get more money. For instance, the government of United States budget system provides the means for the president and congress to decide on how much money to use, what to use it on, and ways of raising the money they have decided to use. It is through the budget system, whereby they determine how the allocation of resources between the agencies of the federal government. In most cases there are consequences in the decisions made during budget process due to the fact that they affect the state as a whole, nation and local governments, and individuals in the country. Budget decisions in most cases have significance in most of the countries in the whole universe. After the congress and the president have enacted budget decisions into law, the budget system on the other hand ensures that these laws are carried out. The process of planning future business actions and expressing those plans in a formal manner is what is referred as budgeting. A budget is a formal statement of future plans since the economic or financial aspects of the government are primary matters of consideration. Every branch of the government is necessarily high complex and technical . A budget therefore supply the need for an effective means whereby those who are responsible for direction and control over technical process and who understands the technical needs of the service may formally present to the legislature and through the legislature to the people a well defined plan of work to be financed in order that the government may make a provisional for needs of the country. The ways in which budgets are made reflect the choices, policies and philosophies of governments. Public finance covers budgeting as well as taxes and revenue. The budget is made up of revenue and expenditure proposal which have great chances of impacting as a public policy tool. Taxation deals with policy issues including: regulating the activities of firms in certain sectors, affecting production in that it can be used to encourage or discourage production, stabilization of the economy through control of inflation and even the distribution of wealth e. g. exempting low income earners from paying tax. The budget allocations are made to government departments and ministries like agriculture, education, public health, trade, foreign affairs, defense, transport, etc and are formally made by relevant ministries. The exact character of engrossed revenues varies from case to case. Bureaucratic politics is naturally concerned not only with the direct allocation of budget items but also with a struggle to engross revenues and create monopolies or cartels. Well established government involvement in agriculture includes state corporations like on sugar. Government agencies may be assigned monopolistic rights for the exploitation of mineral resources, to produce and sell sugar or to sell seeds and fertilizers. Similarly, a public health may be established e. g. a dispensary to offer Medicare facilities at a subsidized rate and in return the government generates revenue. The result is that public enterprise actually pays its own way and even produces a profit which goes into the state budget. The national budget as a policy tool also focuses on education. Public education may be defined as schooling mandated for or offered to all children by the government whether national, regional or local provided by an institution of civil government and paid for in whole or in part by taxes. Public education is applied to basic education, primary and secondary schools. Moreover, post secondary education like middle-level colleges and advanced education e. g. universities-all these constitute public education since the government subsidizes or pays in full to sponsor students. Ideally, the budget is designed to meet most of the foreseen programs and projects. In spite of the significance of the budget in education, agriculture, revenue generation, spending etc, it is equally necessary to state that the government experiences various risks including; property loss, loss of income or increased costs, damage to real and personal property, liability etc. Different strategies are used to manage risks including: risk elimination, risk reduction, risk assumption, risk transfer and risk insurance. However, problems in budgetary process seem to be widespread. The list may not be exhaustive but these include: Uncontrollable expenditure; the most important uncontrollable expenditures are the large entitlement programs of social welfare spending such as social security, Medicare and unemployment benefits, back door spending; expenditure decisions that are not actually made through the formal appropriation process, reprogramming and transfers; i. e. the shifting of funds within a specific appropriation account. Reprogramming involves shifting obligation authority from one program element to another and supplemental appropriations; i. e. made outside the normal budget circle to cover shortfalls during the fiscal year. Supplemental appropriations occur during recession, the demand for unemployment assistance naturally increases and supplemental funding will be required. The budget is made up of revenue and expenditure proposal and hence such proposals have a greater chance on impacting on public policy. A budget as a policy tool acts as a source of motivation because budgets provides the standards against which actual performance is evaluated and the manner in which it is used can significantly affect the attitude of those who are to be evaluated. If the government is not careful a budgeting process may have negative impacts on the attitudes of the civil servants. A budget is considered as a proposal to be prepared by the administration and submitted to the legislature. A national budget thus prepared and presented would serve the purpose of a prospectus. The act of appropriation as the legal means of making funds available to the executive branch enables the executive or some officer directly responsible to the executive, to exercise administrative control over liabilities incurred and over expenditures made by the many officers and agents employed by the government in the conduct of its business. Every branch of the business of the government is necessarily highly complex and technical. An act of appropriation of public money should therefore be the result of the most careful consideration of both branches of the government. For the purpose of consideration on the relation of revenue and borrowing to welfare, a budget is necessary. The budget as a policy tool is used as a basis for evaluating performance among various government ministries. The control functions of the government require that departments /ministries draft an evaluation report on their performance. A budget greatly determines their performance as it allocates various amount of funds to each. Although past performance among various ministries is potentially superior for determining whether the actual results are acceptable or in need of collective actions. Budgeting promotes study, research and focus of the future: when the government plans with sufficient care and details to prepare a budget, the planning process involves thorough study and research. Not only should this results in the best conceivable plans but it should also instill in executive the habit of doing a reasonable amount of research before decisions are made. Allocation of taxpayer’s money by the budget is massive hence before deciding on what project the government should undertake some funds are set aside by the budget to carry out thorough research to come up with realistic and attainable goals. The budget can mostly be viewed from the economic consideration. The budget serves as a fiscal policy in terms of expenditure and revenue to stabilize the economy. Governments spend money on a wide variety of things from the military and services like education and healthcare as well as transfer payments such as welfare benefits. These expenditures can be funded through: taxation, borrowing money from the population, benefit from printing money, sale of fixed assets, consumption of fiscal reserves etc. Governments borrow money and may sometimes incur debts. Several circumstances may force governments into a debtor position including, the need to cover deficits resulting from annual expenditures, the need to finance a long-term project and a short-term cash management to provide disbursement of payments in a timely fashion. No document can rightly be called a budget that does not set up a complete plan of the proposed expenditures for a definite period and balance those expenditures with the estimated means of financing this show a complete picture of the government’s finances. The budget should be setup and summarized as to make this picture quite clear to the citizens and taxpayers. A budget should be adopted before the beginning of the fiscal period to which it relates so that necessary accounts can be setup. Effective control over the execution of the budget plan; the proper executive authority and supervision should be provided to put the plan into operation. Physical control should be established through accounts and otherwise ensure that the expenditure of the government are being made to the budget plan. Staff assistance must be considered depending upon the size of the government that can give attention exclusively to the collection of the budget information. There is need for government to have broad and accurate information which must be reliable and indicate clearly the scope of the work and the various activities of the government. For the purpose of considering the relations of revenue and borrowing to welfare, the budget should present for consideration of the legislature a definite financial program. The level of government borrowing is an important part of fiscal policy and management of aggregate demand in any economy. When the government is running a budget deficit, it means that in a given year, total government expenditure exceeds total tax revenue. As a result, the government has to borrow through the issue of debt such as Treasury Bills and long-term government Bonds. The issue of debt is done by the central bank and involves selling debt to the bond and bill markets. Each general fund spending agency’s financial overview presents and outlines revenues and expenditures for the current budget. The scheme describes the spending agency’s mission statement services provided, staffing summary, objectives, goals, current year budget highlights and performance measurement information. Each of the other funds classified as special revenue funds, enterprise funds, capital project funds, and internal service funds are detailed in the same format as the general fund. Describe restrictions that are (or could be) placed on those revenues. The government can give restrictions on its revenue in order to achieve its goals or objectives. For example the taxation of citizens must be compulsory so as to raise public revenue in order to meet public expenditure relating to maintenance of internal security and external defense of a country and also provision of basic social services at a subsidized cost e. g. education, water, recreational activities, health facilities etc. In most cases, accrual basis of accounting is used to in full so as to record expenses as paid not when they take place, diminishing the value of the government‘s capital assets. This is not accounted for as cash expenses, in the long-term, their value as an asset or liability is recognized. It can be recorded through measurement focus as a separate account, realized as revenue in one department, or revealed as an expense in another. For instance, the general funds and purchasing department would work in series in this kind of arrangement so as to manage the amount used up for procurement and adjust budgets for extra expenses, such as purchase of extended warranties and service plans. The restrictions placed from congress, grantors and private groups often ‘restrict’ these funds for specialized uses. The government may restrict that revenue coming from taxation for example will be used to run free education for university students or be used to carry out research. The general fund holds money in reserve to pay for utility expenses, or earmarks it with the donor’s wishes for example where the donor wants a certain project to be established by the lending. Capital assets are recorded as expense when they occur, not as cash income which is not the case with businesses. The nature of organizations divides funds into categories of resource restriction not functional operations. Evaluate how public policy decisions affect the receipt of revenues. For example where the government imposes high rate of tax for its employees or businessmen may make employees to start practicing tax evasion. This is due to the high amounts they will be required to pay as tax and it will minimize their profits which is their objective as they where venturing into business. Decisions suggested in the previous enacted budgets, and how programs are actually performing influence decisions concerning the future budget of a country. The decision-makers in a country must consider the effects of economic and technical assumptions on the budget estimates so as to avoid over/underestimation. , the rate of inflation, interest rates, the unemployment rate, economic growth and the number of people eligible for various benefit programs, among other things, affect government spending and receipts. For example the government can start some programs in the country so as to help the unemployed to at least to be busy somewhere making something small to sustain them hence affecting the government receipts and spending as it was not budgeted for. Small changes in these assumptions can affect budget estimates by a large amount of money. Through the process of adopting a budget resolution, it concurs on levels for total spending and receipts, the size of the deficit or surplus, and the debt limit. Stages of implementation of the decisions can use feedback to make changes when high cost programs to collect taxes are reactive to public reaction, overruns in cost, long term worth of the policy, manpower and material, employee activity ,time, and the use of consultants, and third party vendors with substantial interest and involvement in policy objectives. Usually implementation is the actual application of a policy and it involves activities such as disbursement of funds, the general mobilization of resources in order to actualize programs and projects. The debt issues as other sources, discounts as other income, while the debt service expenditures express issuance costs. Analyze the economic conditions that affect revenue projections Inflation and the rising cost of employee benefits. For example hyperinflation which is the most serious type of inflation also known as runaway or galloping inflation . it has been experienced in Germany, Austria, Hungary, China and other countries of South America. When this type is experienced, the currency in circulation becomes unacceptable and in the end new currency is issued. Inflation may be due to increase in demand of goods and services may result in arise in price level. Also when cost of production increases the prices goes up it may rise due to the higher wage levels, higher cost of raw material or more taxes on the production of commodities. These may affect the revenue projections by the government in place as it may under forecast or overcast the revenue projections. In some cases citizens may not comply with the rules and regulations of a country in that they could like to practice tax evasion. This is a criminal offence involving evasion of tax through fraudulent means e. g. the manipulation of financial statements and failure to make full disclosure of taxable income, or engagement in illegal activities e. g. parching, drug trafficking etc where income is generated without paying tax. This affects the revenue projections by the government because at the long run it will end up underestimating the revenue to be expected. Capital expenditures for replacement of equipment and emergence expenditures like floods which require an immediate attention. This usually affects the revenue projections because it was not budgeted for or projected for. This will end up diverting some amount meant for another purpose to be used in that emergence in order to save the situation. Or in other cases where a machine used in the intensive care unit is not functioning, it will require an immediate attention so as to purchase a new one in order to save the lives of the patients. Diverting from designed performance measures is crucial because annual cash flow statements and budgetary budget flows are necessary to maintain the business focused on annual expenses and changes to the same. Realistic interpretations of the best use of income generated through taxes, fees, surcharges and capital funds ties it into most effective and accessible to public use of the money that will benefit all the most. Develop a revenue policy that aligns with community values. A public policy must take into consideration the prevailing customs, traditions and conventions of people. Thus, the policy must not go against established ways of life of the people unless it is extremely desirable to frame one that bans a social evil. Also it must take into account the availability of resources especially financial resources that are critical for its implementation. Such resources may be derived either from national budget or other sources such as donors or loans from commercial banks. Most employees would like to contribute without any difficulty to the revenue of the country if their community interests are going to be catered for. The residents would like to have available facilities like a hospital near home or work, and that of suburbs wishing to enhance tax base, and enjoy the benefits of their contributions. Strategic plans and major projects often have the same type of written statement of record. Citizens in general, advocate for a return on investment. Public administrators and urban planners share the idea that government should support reinvestment in communities in order for them to prosper. For example if the country comes up with a policy to have a certain community to contribute more to the kitty of revenue so as to build an hospital . The community will contribute positively because it will help them in many ways like travelling a short distance to get the services and also employment. This will save many lives were it that they were emergencies and people were to travel long distances to get the services. If there is a plan to initiate a project like an industry in a certain community, the residents will be willing to contribute to that project as they will be assured of the benefits from it. Fines and penalties are also compulsory unreciprocated payments, but are distinct from taxes as they should be punitive in nature and imposed by a judicial body. This may be imposed on people who go against the morals or the norms of the community. Social Contributions are payments either from employees or employers in exchange for Social benefits in the future, or to insure against risk in the future. Voluntary Social Contributions are excluded from measures of the tax burden e. g. Payments to pension schemes. Conclusion In general, public policy undergoes several stages from problem identification, agenda seytting, policy formulation, policy legitimation, policy implementation and monitoring and evaluation. In the study of public policy there are theories and approaches to its study. They include rationalist/comprehensive approach which emphasizes the idea of maximum social gain from the policy. For a policy to be adopted its benefits must exceed its benefits. If the forecaster overestimates revenues in any one country, the consequences are serious: plans must be cut so as to meet the revenue which is received, implying that services will be reduced, or citizens will be taxed more in which case political and administrative costs are acquired. if the forecaster underestimates revenue, however, no such consequences must be confronted because the programs will be run within the budget limit. The costs which may be incurred from underestimating revenues are significantly less than the costs which may be incurred from overestimating revenues. Implementing policy may end up with results which were unexpected; it may come from a policy whose reach goes beyond the problem it was initially meant to address. REFERENCES Dirk Jan Kraan. Budgetary Decisions, A Public Choice Approach (1996), Dye Thomas, Understanding Public Policy, (1984) Henry Nicholas, Public Administration and Public Affairs, (1995) James E. Anderson, Public Policymaking: An Introduction. (2006). McLennan B. Comparative Public Policy (1980) Praeger, Public Sector Management, (1990) Sabatier, P. , and Mazmanian, D. Implementation and Public Policy (1989)

Business and the Bill of Rights

Business and The Bill of Rights Cheryl Anderson BUS 220 Prof. T. Daniel. Browning Pima Community College March 5, 2013 â€Å"I plead the 5th! † That phrase is heard from the mouths of children as well as adults. It has become a cliche. Children learn early in life what the phrase means and how and when to use it. They use it as a tool to keep themselves out of trouble or to keep from having to tattle on a sibling or friend.As children advance in their education, they study American history and are surprised to find that phrase comes from a very old document that the founding fathers of our country drafted and set into place as an integral part of our government’s system of law. That document is called the â€Å"Bill of Rights†. The statement, â€Å"I plead the 5th† is a reference to the Fifth Amendment from that document in which a citizen is protected by law from self-incrimination. There are now 27 amendments to the U. S. constitution, but the first 10 a re collectively called the Bill of Rights.James Madison who was part of the very first Congress led the charge in drafting The Bill of Rights in 1789, and the amendments officially became law in 1791. They were established to protect the American citizens against certain interferences from the federal government. (The Bill of Rights, 2012) A summary of these inalienable rights or guarantees is listed below. 1. Guarantees the freedom of speech, religion, press, and peaceful assembly 2. Guarantees the right to keep and bear arms 3. Guarantees the right to not be forced by the government to house and feed soldiers in peacetime 4.Guarantees the right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures of our homes, our bodies, or our property, conducted by  government officials 5. Guarantees the right to indictment by grand jury, to due process of law, and prohibits compulsory self-incrimination and double jeopardy 6. Guarantees the right to a speedy trial, and to be represented by a l awyer, have the chance to challenge prosecution witnesses, call witnesses for our defense, and have a trial by jury of our peers if charged with a crime 7. Guarantees the right to a trial by jury in a civil case involving at least twenty dollars 8.Prohibits excessive bail and fines and cruel and unusual punishment 9. Guarantees people have rights not specified in the Constitution 10. Establishes that those powers neither delegated to the federal government nor denied to the states are reserved for the states (Miller, 2013) Each Amendment is a study in itself, but this paper will focus on some of the effects the Bill of Rights has on businesses. Courts recognize that corporations take on many of the characteristics of a person; therefore several of the rights apply to businesses.The role and influence of corporations in the political realm has continued to expand over the past 100 years. An example of the influence a corporation can have in politics and in fighting for the rights of the American people is the current debate over the 2nd Amendment, the right to keep and bear arms. Gun manufacturers and sporting goods retailers are taking a stand against the recent gun control legislation being passed in New York and other jurisdictions around the country, by refusing to sell or severely limit the sale of firearms in these jurisdictions including sales to state officials like the police department.LaRue Tactical made the following announcement: â€Å"Effective today, in an effort to see that no legal mistakes are made by LaRue Tactical and/or its employees, we will  apply  all current State and Local Laws (as applied to civilians) to state and local law enforcement / government agencies. In other words, LaRue Tactical will limit all sales to what law-abiding citizens residing in their districts can purchase or possess. † (Party, 2013) In many respects large companies can have a greater influence on the overnment than individual citizens, and the indivi dual citizens can show their support of the corporations by shopping at their establishments. The freedom of religion clause of the 1st Amendment has been under attack in regards to Hobby Lobby, a family owned successful retail chain. The company faces heavy fines for their refusal to comply with the ObamaCare directives which state the company has to finance certain drugs that the FDA notes can terminate pregnancy after conception.The owners of Hobby Lobby are Christians and these drugs go against their beliefs in the area of abortion. By forcing corporations to include these drugs in their health plans, it is forcing corporations to finance infidelity. (Flax, 2013) By insisting corporations must finance these drugs, the government is dictating what is acceptable in society instead of letting the beliefs of the company’s owner decide what benefits they will provide to their employees. The government is overstepping its boundaries.Businesses that are willing to take a stand a gainst the government and protect their rights ultimately are protecting the rights of the American people. It is not always easy for a corporation to take a stand. It can have severe consequences to their business. David Green, CEO and founder of Hobby Lobby is racking up millions of dollars in fines by not conceding to the government’s mandate. Yet, he believes that what the government is trying to do go against his rights as an American business owner and as an American citizen.It is people like David Green that helped make America what it is today; people not afraid to risk it all in order to have freedom. Works Cited The Bill of Rights. (2012, August 2). Retrieved February 25, 2013, from RevolutionaryWaranbBeyond. com: http://www. revolutionary-war-and-beyond. com/first-ten-amendments. html Miller, R. L. (2013). The Legal Environment Today. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. Party, T. (2013, February 16). Gun Companies Refuse Sales to State Governments with Strict Gun Laws. Re trieved Feruary 18, 2013, from Tea Party. org:

The Bluest Eye essays

The Bluest Eye essays Toni Morisson's novel The Bluest Eye is about the life of the Breedlove family who resides in Lorain, Ohio, in the late 1930s. This family consists of the mother Pauline, the father Cholly, the son Sammy, and the daughter Pecola. The novel's focal point is the daughter, an eleven-year-old Black girl who is trying to conquer a bout with self-hatred. Everyday she encounters racism, not just from white people, but mostly from her own race. In their eyes she is much too dark, and the darkness of her skin somehow implies that she is inferior, and according to everyone else, her skin makes her even "uglier." She feels she can overcome this battle of self-hatred by obtaining blue eyes, but not just any blue. She wants the bluest eye. Morrison is able to use her critical eye to reveal to the reader the evil that is caused by a society that is indoctrinated by the inherent goodness and beauty of whiteness and the ugliness of blackness. She uses many different writing tools to depict how "whi te" beliefs have dominated American and African American culture. The narrative structure of The Bluest Eye is important in revealing just how pervasive and destructive social racism is. Narration in novel comes from several sources. Much of the narration comes from Claudia MacTeer as a nine year old child, but Morrison also gives the reader the insight of Claudia reflecting on the story as an adult, some first person narration from Pecola's mother, and narration by Morrison herself as an omniscient narrator. Pecola's experiences would have less meaning coming from Pecola herself because a total and complete victim would be an unreliable narrator, unwilling or unable to relate the actual circumstances of that year. Claudia, from her youthful innocence, is able to see and relate how the other characters, especially Pecola, idolize the "ideal" of beauty presented by white, blue-eyed movie stars like little Shirley Temple. In addition to narrative stru...

Turkey in the European Union

Turkey in the European Union The country of Turkey is typically considered to straddle both Europe and Asia. Turkey occupies all of the Anatolian Peninsula (also known as Asia Minor) and a small part of southeastern Europe. In October 2005 negotiations began between Turkey (population 70 million) and the European Union (EU) for Turkey to be considered as a possible member of the EU in the future. Location While most of Turkey lies geographically in Asia (the peninsula is Asian), far western Turkey lies in Europe. Turkeys largest city of Istanbul (known as Constantinople until 1930), with a population of over 9 million is located on both the east and west sides of the Bosporus strait so it straddles both what are traditionally considered Europe and Asia. However, Turkeys capital city of Ankara is fully outside of Europe and on the Asian continent. While the European Union is working with Turkey to help it move toward being able to become a member of the European Union, there are some who are concerned about Turkeys potential membership. Those opposed to Turkish membership in the EU point to several issues. Issues First, they state that Turkeys culture and values are different from those of the European Union as a whole. They point out that Turkeys 99.8% Muslim population is too different from Christian-based Europe. However, the EU makes the case that the EU is not a religion-based organization, Turkey is a secular (a non-religion-based government) state, and that 12 million Muslims currently live throughout the European Union. Nonetheless, the EU acknowledges that Turkey needs to Substantially improve respect for the rights of non-Muslim religious communities to meet European standards. Secondly, naysayers point out that since Turkey is mostly not in Europe (neither population-wise nor geographically), it should not become part of the European Union. The EU responds that, The EU is based more on values and political will than on rivers and mountains, and acknowledges that, Geographers and historians have never agreed on the physical or natural borders of Europe. Too true! A third reason Turkey might have problems is its non-recognition of Cyprus, a full-fledged member of the European Union. Turkey will have to acknowledge Cyprus to be considered a contender for membership. Additionally, many are concerned about the rights of Kurds in Turkey. The Kurdish people have limited human rights and there are accounts of genocidal activities that need to stop for Turkey to be considered for European Union membership. Finally, some are concerned that Turkeys large population would alter the balance of power in the European Union. After all, Germanys population (the largest country in the EU) is only at 82 million and declining. Turkey would be the second largest country (and perhaps eventually the largest with its much higher growth rate) in the EU and would have considerable influence in the European Union. This influence would be especially profound in the population-based European Parliament. The low per-capita income of the Turkish population is also of concern since the economy of Turkey as a new EU member might have a negative effect on the EU as a whole. Turkey is receiving considerable assistance from its European neighbors as well as from the EU. The EU has allocated billions and is expected to allocate billions of euros in funding for projects to help invest in a stronger Turkey that may one day become a member of the European Union. I was particularly moved by this EU statement on why Turkey should be part of the European Union of the future, Europe needs a stable, democratic and more prosperous Turkey which adopts our values, our rule of law, and our common policies. The accession perspective has already driven forward bold and significant reforms. If the rule of law and human rights are guaranteed throughout the country, Turkey can join the EU and thus become an even stronger bridge between civilizations as it is already today. That sounds like worthwhile goal to me.

E-Business Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

E-Business Management - Essay Example The highly dynamic and competitive characteristics of e-businesses offer to generate revenue streams in various ways. As Dave (2003) noted, â€Å"all electronically mediated information exchanges, both within an organization and with external stakeholders supporting the range of business processes†, organization needs improved e-business technologies in order to formulate a sustainable business strategy. Innovation among e-businesses usually occurs through new exchange and transaction mechanisms not found in traditional organizations. Due to lack of geographical boundaries, virtual markets are reachable to a huge number of people and products. It is also economically viable for firms to outsource their services quickly and cheaply to the developing countries. Over the last few decades, the dynamics of highly competitive global industry have forced organizations to rethink and re-evaluate the way they design competitive strategies in accordance with the fluctuating demand and d iverse technologies. According to Robert Grant (2005), â€Å"When the external environment is in a state of flux, the firm itself, in terms of its bundle of resources and capabilities, may be a much more stable basis on which to define its identity†. ... Strategic Application of E-CRM and E-Marketing According to Lee-Kelley, Gilbert and Mannicom (2003), â€Å"e-CRM refers to the marketing activities, tools and techniques, delivered over the Internet (using technologies such as Web sites and e-mail, data-capture, warehousing and mining) with a specific aim to locate, build and improve long-term customer relationships to enhance their individual potential.† The adoption of e-commerce has long-term impacts on business profitability. Larger customers reach and existing customers’ base has potential for increasing revenues. Additionally, electronic service greatly reduces the operational costs such as staff, transport and materials reducing the purchasing costs. It also helps to improve communication and relationships with workforce, suppliers and customers. Complex business processes get simplified and standardized increasing the speed of access to information. Integrated business processes improve reliability, accuracy and also shorten the delivery time. After the advent of World Wide Web, firms are using digital technologies such as intranets, extranets, online purchasing and e-government services to promote sales. Companies experienced increase in their stock prices by adapting to the internet. For instance, the web store of North West Supplies is online since 2002. In the first six months of website launch, the company had increased sales by ?20,000 through application of pay per click advertising. In order to reduce further advertising costs, the company redesigned its website and implemented Search Engine Optimization (SEO). The improvements in website design and marketing methods added to the NWS brand value increasing the annual turnover from ?250,000 to ?350,000. For